Sunday, March 18, 2018

Who Raises Your Children if You Can’t?

If both parents should perish, then who raises your children can be a dicey situation.

Some people believe that the God parents get automatic legal guardianship of your children.  But, that isn’t the case in Arkansas.

The best way to create the most stable environment possible is to leave instructions as to who you want to have guardianship (raise your children) in your Last Will and Testament (Will).  This is the usual place to leave your nomination.

However, a court gets the last say in the matter.  They are there as a safety net in case your choice is not longer a good choice.  What if they started drinking?  Their marriage fell apart? Or worse, what if they have perished as well?

If no nominations were made, then somebody will have to step up and go to court to seek a guardianship.  A Judge will get the complete choice.

If nobody steps forward, your children could be wards of the state.  That is they enter the foster care system until they turn 18.

And, without a plan, the Judge will decide how their money is managed.  But one thing is almost certain, they will get all of it when they turn 18.

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Thursday, March 15, 2018

The 3-2-1 Problem

The 3-2-1 Problem

Setting up beneficiaries is a great way to avoid probate for many assets like life insurance, annuities, and retirement plans.

BUT, there is a serious problem that can happen.

Case 1:  The owner of the assets develops dementia and can’t change the beneficiaries anymore.  The secondary beneficiary passes first.  Then the primary beneficiary passes.  This can leave the asset exposed to probate.

Case 2: The owner, primary, and secondary beneficiary are in a care accident.  Think of the case where the son is taking mom and dad to the doctor for an appointment.  The secondary beneficiary (son) perishes immediately.  A few days later, the primary beneficiary (mom) perishes.  Then a few days later, the owner perishes.  Again, this leaves the assets exposed to probate.

The best way to beat this is to have a Revocable Living Trust as the last beneficiary in the chain, as a catch-all or safety net.  The Revocable Living Trust will have instructions in it to handle this case and keep the money out of probate and in the family.

PS:  I call it the 3-2-1 problem because there were 3, then 2, then 1…

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Monday, March 12, 2018

Will Law in Arkansas

Will Law

will lawWill law is an ancient area of law, going back to biblical times.  Wills and will law from the Greek period forward is common.  It can be straightforward, or complicated depending on the circumstances.

A Last Will and Testament is a legally binding document that says how a person (the testator) wants their belongings divided up after they pass.  In reality, it is a list of gifts to be given out under the direction of the court (probate). A Will may also name guardians for your children, decide how debts are to be paid, and serve as a backup to a living trust.

Under Arkansas will law, a testator must be 18 years old, know what they have, and who they want it to go to.  Wills that are typed must have two witnesses.  Writing after the signatures is usually ignored.

The witnesses may sign an affidavit for facts they would typically be required to testify to in order to validate the Will.

Arkansas does allow hand written (holographic) wills.  But, a holographic will must have 3 disinterested witnesses.  A holographic will must be completely in the handwriting of the testator. A disinterested witness is one who will not inherit under the will and is not related to the testator.

Arkansas will law does not allow oral wills.

An Arkansas Will is revoked by subsequent Wills that revoke prior Wills, burning, tearing, cancellation, obliteration, or destruction with the intent of revocation.  No revoked Will may be revived other than by executing the Will again.

If you don’t have a Will, the Arkansas Legislature has already decided who gets your stuff and how much they get.  The courts and heirs will control how long it takes.

NOTE:  State laws are always subject to change at any time.  Usually changes are through the legislature enacting new laws.  But, sometimes the courts will modify or interpret the laws through other means.

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Sunday, March 11, 2018

What Kinds of Special Needs Trust?

What Kinds of Special Needs Trust?special needs trust

A Special Needs Trust is a trust established to supplement government benefits.

Special needs trusts have four major types.

As with any special needs trust, these supplement federal aid and a special needs trust cannot pay for items that the aid is paying for.

Summary of Special Needs Trust

2 special needs trusts are directly authorized by federal law, 1 is allowed, and 1 is implicitly allowed.

The two directly allowed by federal law are authorized in § 1396p(d)(4)(A) and § 1396p(d)(4)(C).  These are sometimes talked about using just the last 4 letters: the (d)(4)(A) trust and the (d)(4)(C) trust (d4a and d4c).

Both the (d)(4)(A) trust and the (d)(4)(C) trust have a Medicaid payback provision.

(d)(4)(A) Trust

A (d)(4)(A) trust is a trust established with a person’s own money.  Until December of 2017, a person could not establish this type of trust themselves.  Other than the person, a guardians, judge, parent, or grandparent may establish this trust.  The other require is that the person is under 65 years old.

(d)(4)(A) in summary:

  • Person is under 65 years old
  • Established by the person, parent, grandparent, legal guardian, or judge (under judicial order)
  • Medicaid payback provision
  • Only the persons money allowed in the trust

(d)(4)(C) Trust

A (d)(4)(C) trust is a “pooled” trust.  A pool of many different people’s money is held in trust.  This type of trust doesn’t have the age restriction of the (d)(4)(A) trust.  But, it must still be established by a parent, grandparent, legal guardian, judge, or the individual.

While this is a pool of money, the individual’s money is used for and available only to the individual.

(d)(4)(C) in summary:

  • No age restrictions
  • Can be established by the individual, parent, grandparent, legal guardian, or judge
  • Medicaid payback
  • Managed by a non-profit trustee
  • Unlimited funding allowed

Third Party Trust

Third party supplemental needs trusts are not explicitly allowed under federal law, but implicitly allowed.

The third-party trust is established with funds that do not belong to the individiaul.

With the third-party trust, people other than the individual contribute, the money never legally belongs to the individual, the money can be used for their benefit, then the money goes where you decide.

Anybody can contribute to the trust, in any amount.  The trust can contain any amount of money or property.

Again, the money is used to supplement government benefits, not replace them.\

  • Contains assets only
  • Is established by anyone other than the individual
  • No age restrictions
  • Unlimited assets allowed
  • When the individual passes, the funds are distributed in full without Medicaid payback
  • No Medicaid payback

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Thursday, March 8, 2018

Do You Need a Will or a Trust?

Do You Need a Will or a Trust?

  1. Do you have children under 18?
  2. Do you have children with special needs?
  3. Are you leaving money to anybody under 18 or with special needs?
  4. Do your children have problems managing money?
  5. Are you children young, but over 18? (young people tend to spend rapidly…)
  6. Do you want to just about guarantee no probate?
  7. Do you want somebody you trust to manage your money if you can’t?
  8. Is your estate going to be subject to estate taxes?
  9. Do you have more than simple instructions for your assets?
  10. Do you want to minimize fees and costs?
  11. Do you have a blended family?

If you answered yes to any of these questions, you most likely need a trust…

Otherwise, we can probably use other techniques to pass your assets without probate.

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Sunday, February 25, 2018

March 2018

Quotables

It was one of those March days when the sun shines hot and the wind blows cold: when it is summer in the light, and winter in the shade. – Charles Dickens

March on. Do not tarry. To go forward is to move toward perfection. March on, and fear not the thorns, or the sharp stones on life’s path. – Khalil Gabrin

One swallow does not make a summer, but one skein of geese, cleaving the murk of March thaw, is the Spring. – Aldo Leopold


Legal Term of the Month

Holiday:  A religious festival; a day set apart for commemorating some important event in history; a day of exemption from labor.


Family News

February was again super busy between work, basketball, soccer, and wrestling.

Wrestling ended on a great not.  Aaron took 5th in the Arkansas State tournament in his division.  It was a hard fought two days of wrestling for him and the entire team.

The girl’s basketball team lost out in the first day of the playoffs.  However, a majority of the team was dealing with injuries.  Madeline finished the season injury free and started Soccer.

Soccer started on a cold, rainy evening.  The girls played hard, but lost 8-2 to the Springdale team.

Now that the high school wrestling season is over, Aaron and I are headed to Tulsa to watch the BIG XII wrestling championships.  While we are there, Madeline and Winnie will go to the Walton Arts Center and see RENT.


What’s Cooking?

Tarragon Chicken

For the Chicken

  • 3 tbsp butter
  • 1 tbsp olive oil
  • 2.5 pounds chicken, jointed, or chicken pieces
  • 1-2 small onions or shallots, finely sliced
  • ½ cup dry white wine
  • Several sprigs of Tarragon

For the Gravy

  • 3 tbsp butter
  • Handful freshly chopped mixed herbs
  • 1 shoot of thyme
  • ¾ cup cream (optional)

Heat the oven to 400°F. Melt the butter with the oil in a cast-iron casserole dish, then brown the chicken on all sides. Towards the end of browning, add the onions, wine and tarragon.

Cover and roast for 30 minutes, or until a thermometer inserted in the thickest part of the breast registers 165°F or the juices run clear. Transfer the chicken pieces to a serving dish and set aside to rest.

Meanwhile, make the gravy. Put the pan of chicken juices on the hob, remove the tarragon sprigs, add the butter and then stir in the herbs, mixing well. Remove from the heat. If using the double cream, slowly stir in until combined. Pour the gravy over the chicken and serve.

Courtesy of houseandgarden.co.uk


The Shocking Truth

Would You

  • Flush A $100 Bill Down the Toilet?
  • Give an Addict $1,000?
  • Let A Complete and Total Stranger Make Your Legal and Financial Decisions?
  • Let A Total Stranger Make Your Healthcare Choices?
  • Leave Your Finances Unprotected?
  • Let the State Legislature Tell You Who Gets Your Stuff, When, And How Much?
  • Sue Yourself with Your Own Money?
  • Want Your Children’s Inheritance Spent on Court, Lawyers, and Fees?

This is exactly what can happen if you don’t have a plan!!!

Your Care

You probably want a say if you want to stay at home or go to a nursing home if you become incapacitated, agitated, or unable to make your own decisions.  You probably want input as to how your money is spent and how your assets would be used for your care.  You should have input as to your healthcare decisions that might need to be made and who makes them.

Without your plan in place, a Judge will likely have to approve who makes these decisions.  The Judge will have to approve who takes care of you.  The Judge who doesn’t know you or your preferences.  And, it might be somebody you wouldn’t want or even a complete and total stranger.

In 1995, Terri Schiavo had a heart attack, was resuscitated, but suffered severe brain damage due to a lack of oxygen to her brain.  Terri Schiavo lay in a hospital bed for 15 years while her husband and her mother fought over her healthcare decisions.  For 15 years, her family shelled out money on lawyers, courts, and hospital costs.  Her mom argued that the doctors were wrong in their diagnosis and prognosis, while her husband argued that she wouldn’t want to be kept alive artificially under these conditions.  All in all, there were 14 appeals.  That is 14 trips to court and all the costly preparation to go to court.

A healthcare power of attorney and an advance directive (living will) could have prevented all of this.  A durable power of attorney would have allowed her husband to manage her financial and legal matters with a minimum of court intervention.

Your Money

Without a Will or Trust you don’t decide who gets your money!  You are leaving that choice up the State Legislature.  Your assets will go partially to your spouse and partially to your children in a ratio already decided by somebody else.  If you don’t have children or a spouse, then the next in line are your parents then your siblings.

Even if your property would go, roughly, to the people you want in the amounts you want, court intervention in the distribution is often time consuming and expensive.  Expensive as in up to 6% of your gross estate (no debts taken out) and in time and emotions.

Joe and Mary had a blended family.  They worked hard together.  Joe’s children took care of Mary in her declining years.  When Joe passed, he left it all to Mary.  However, when Mary passed, she left everything only to her own children.  Joe’s hard work went completely to Mary’s children.

Jane’s dad John let his deceased wife’s mother adopt Jane.  John never created an estate plan.  When he passed away, Jane was very surprised that she got nothing.  But, under the laws of adoption, she wasn’t legally John’s child.

Your Adult Children

You concern about who raises them has past.  But, don’t you still want the right people in charge and control of the assets.  Would you give $1,000 to an addict?  How about giving money to a child in a shaky marriage?  Your children deserve to be protected against creditors and financial predators.

Mike and Mary worried about their son.  He was known to be an alcoholic and may be into drugs as well.  They knew if they left him money he would spend it on alcohol and drugs.  But, they didn’t know what else to do.  A trust could have been used to make sure their son had a place to live and money to pay bills but no more.

Your Minor Children

Losing control is a major issue when you have children under 18 years old.  The law considers them minors and will not put money directly in their hands.

If something happens to both parents, and there is not a plan in place, then the courts get all of the decision-making power as to who raises them.  Moreover, you don’t get a say in how the money is used for their care.

And, when your children turn 18, they get total control of the money.  Few parents feel that is a good idea.

With Your Plan

If you have a plan, the majority, if not all, of the plan the state legislature has already created for you is set aside.  Your plan takes its place.

Your Care

Somebody you know and trust will help you make financial and legal decisions.  You have already written down how you want your money and affairs managed.  No judge or stranger steps in to take your rights away and make your own decisions.

Your Durable Power of Attorney gives your trusted family or advisors the ability to help manage your financial and legal affairs.  They must follow the instructions you have left for them in that document.

Your Durable Power of Attorney for Healthcare makes sure your medical wishes are carried out.  Combined with a Medical Information Waiver (HIPAA Waiver) and an Advance Directive, you will maintain your healthcare and dignity.  If you want to live at home for as long as possible, this is the place to make sure your wishes are written down.

If Terri Schiavo had her healthcare wishes written down like this, she wouldn’t have laid in a hospital bed, costing her family a ton of money and time, for 15 years.

Your Money

Your Revocable Living Trust contains instructions to the next trustee on how you want your money managed and distributed.  You maintain “long arm” control of your assets.

Your money goes to who you want, when you want, how you want, and in the amounts you want.  You can leave detailed instructions and conditions on how the money is to be distributed and when.

Your Adult Children

Your adult children can be protected against creditors and financial predators by leaving their money in trust.

Mike and Mary setup a trust for their child with alcohol problems.  They made sure his rent and bills were paid, but money wasn’t put directly into his hands to fuel his problem.  Then, after their son passed away, the money went to his children.

Your Minor Children

You will have guardians, both temporary and permanent, named to take over the instant you aren’t available.  Your children will never have to be part of the foster care system, even for just one night.

With your trust, you leave instructions as to how much money they get and when.  You children can have their education paid for, their needs met, but not get a lump sum of cash until they are old and wise enough to manage it on their own.


 

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Saturday, February 24, 2018

quiz

Welcome to the survey...

1) How important is avoiding probate - cost, stress, delays & time on your family?
2) How important is getting your financial life organized?
3) How important is protecting your children's inheritance from creditors?
4) How important is protecting yourself from guardianship proceedings (i.e. living probate) if you become incapacitated?

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